One way to read the significance of the color Blue in Morrison's The Bluest Eye is to consider the connection with the musical form of the Blues.
Here's a succinct explanation of The Blues from PBS:
http://www.pbs.org/theblues/classroom/essaysblues.html
Here are some excerpts from Blues songs from the same PBS website:
http://www.pbs.org/theblues/classroom/cd.html
What about the characters' lives seems to fit in with the Blues tradition? How can we make the leap from the Blues as a predominantly African American art form chronicling suffering and racial oppression to Pecola's desire for that quintessential "all American girl" blue-eyed wonder? Can Blue represent both of these ideas at the same time?
Consider that "blue-eyed" is used figuratively to mean innocent or naive. How does this definition change our view of Pecola's wish?
http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50024025?query_type=word&queryword=blue+eyed&first=1&max_to_show=10&sort_type=alpha&result_place=1&search_id=UfGh-UzdRDO-10736&hilite=50024025
Finally, consider this recent scientific discovery:
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/02/07/eveningnews/main3805316.shtml
UPDATE:
Blues written by English 278 Students for characters in The Bluest Eye
Pecola's Blues:
My Daddy burned down the house and now we're living outside (x2)
Staying with the MacTeers, drinking all their milk.
White boys are picking on me because I'm ugly (x2)
Maureen came to save me and treated me to ice cream.
My Daddy comes home drunk and beats my Mama (x2)
I just want to disappear and get away from here
My Daddy just raped me and I don't know what to do (x2)
I woke up in pain with my Mama staring down at me.
by Cheryl, Erik, Richard, and Anna
Soaphead Church's Blues:
Little girls, little girls, what would I do without little girls (x2)
Can't get no satisfaction from people my own age.
Lord, you're jealous, you're jealous of me (x2)
No shame, No guilt, I was always so kind.
My two month wife left me alone (x2)
She used me like a hotel room.
A girl came to me asking for blue eyes (x2)
I can do nothing for you, my child.
By Loren, Ryan, Brian, and Leon
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